托福阅读考试中玛雅文明的背景知识整理
2022-01-05点击量:288
在我们托福考试中,无论是readingmaterials还是listeningmaterials,都多次涉及过对玛雅文明的介绍。在阅读文章中,涉及最多的是关于玛雅文明的rise和collapse的探索。那我们来一起看看考古学家们对这块有什么样的研究结论。一、玛雅文明的兴起TheRiseoftheMayaCivilization1、宗教Onearchaeologist,WilliamHaviland,arguesthatitwasthecentralizingeffectsofMayareligionthatledtotheriseofClassicMayacivilization.Hebelievesthatthereligiouscentersactedasmagnetstopeopleslivinginthesurroundingareas.2、贸易Otherscholarsattributethegrowthoftheceremonialcenterstotrade.WilliamRathjearguesthatthebasiccausefortheriseofMayacivilizationwasthenecessityfortheMaya,wholivedinresource-poorlowlands,totradewithadjacenthighlandersformaterialssuchasobsidian(arockusedtomakeornamentsandcuttingedges),salt,andhardstoneforgrindingimplements.3、区域竞争YetotherfactorsbeyondideologyandtrademusthavebeenimportantintheemergingClassicMayacivilization.Competitionamongthegrowingnumberofcentersmayalsohaveplayedakeyroleinthegrowthofsocial,economic,andpoliticalcomplexity,astheorganizationofthecentersgrewtomeetthepressuresofothercentersfornewagriculturallandandcontrolofrisingpopulations.二、玛雅文明的衰败TheCollapseoftheMayas1、密集农业造成的环境负担Thefirstargumentisthatbecauseoftheirsizeandevermoreintensiveagriculture,theMayanandotherancientstatesocietieswerefundamentallyunsustainable.2、天启式的自然灾害ClaimsaboutenvironmentaldegradationanddisasterhavefiguredprominentlyindiscussionsofthecollapseoftheMayancity-statesoftheCentralAmericanlowlands.3、社会不稳定等因素造成的逐渐衰败RecentstudiesoftheMayancollapse(beginningaroundA.D.900)haveemphasizedthegradualandprogressivenatureoftheprocess,beginninginearnestintheSouthandadvancingnorthward.Itwasnotasingle,suddenevent,ashadoncebeenthought.Warfareandsocialunrestarethoughttohaveplayedapart,butthesemaywellhavearisenthroughpressurefromothercauses.4、自然原因和人为原因造成的食物短缺Butwhataboutthepossibilityoffoodshortages?Thesecouldhavecomeaboutthrougheithernaturalorhumanlyinducedchangesintheenvironment.本文由培训无忧网广州新东方考研课程顾问整理发布,希望能够对想参加广州托福培训的同学有所帮助。更多托福课程信息欢迎关注培训无忧网托福培训频道或添加老师微信:15033336050...